Thorns and Boilerplates

 

Uncle Peg’s Chronicles

February 9, 2023

Thorns and Boilerplates

 

Number of pages in Outline Descendant Report: 159 (up from 153 last chronicle)

Number of pages in the basic Descendant Report: 241 (up from 238 last chronicle)

 

Francis Holmes is # 1. I am now # 333. # 331, where I was last week, is now Mary Jane Holmes Hamilton.

Jonathan Marquez (Frances Anne Holmes Ballantyne line) is last at # 495.

# 491, where he was last week, is now Angela Dawn Wellman Brandenburg.

This should change weekly, if I’m doing my job.

 

Something new in stats, just for fun:

 

I put the names of all descendants of Francis Holmes who are either in our Facebook group or on my mailing list for chronicles, in a bag. Spouses and friends are not included as they do not get numbered in the program’s default. Those who have no descendants are also not numbered, but I’ll include them with their parent’s number. I pull out three names, and include them for two weeks. Next week, I’ll draw three more. This is for fun, but if the three names I drew were not in my tree that I am using now, I insert them. Win-win exercise.

 

The three I drew last week are:

 

·         Karl Holmes is now # 336. # 334, where Karl was last week, is now Paul Stewart Moore.   

·         Elizabeth Steeves is now ii, daughter of Jerome Steeves who is now # 215. Jerome was # 214 last week, who is now Warren Alfred Steeves.   

·         Celia Nolte Anklesaria is now # 420. Last week, she was # 416, who is now Kerry Smith Ritchie.

 

New this week are:

 

Mike Holmes (son of Bob) is # 454. I met Mike and his brother and sisters, Mark, Michelle, and Melanie, when I reconnected with my first cousin Bob, oh wow, has it been almost 20 years ago? Maybe 18. What a friendly bunch! Mike joined our family when his mother, Leslie, married Bob. That puts him into the Charles R. Holmes line through Floyd and Minnie, our grandparents. He’s pretty quiet on Facebook, but a real friendly sort when you meet him in person! So glad I met this whole family!

 

Betty MacKillop Sylvestre is # 324. She is also in the Charles R Holmes line, and descends from Arletta Holmes and Jim McKillop. We met in person at the 2014 reunion, when she came with her husband, Roger, to New Brunswick. I’ve known about her for many years, as her Dad was friends as well as cousins with my Mum. She’s bunches of fun. She was looking forward to coming to the 2016 reunion but within days of that gathering, her horse stomped on her foot and shattered bones. Because she couldn’t come, she sent along her son, musician and magician and all round fun guy, Derek Sylvestre. Derek has since met his wife, Joanna, and provided Betty and Roger with two more grandchildren. Betty and Roger added seven children to our family tree.

 

Jane Barber Williams, # 349, descends from Daniel’s sister, Betsy Marinda Holmes Witheril Freeman. I met her virtually several years ago, and I don’t remember how. Scratching my head; do you remember, Jane? Perhaps Ann Marie found her first. She’s been working on the Holmes line and others for many years, and has been a great help to us. She’s always willing to share her finds and dares to dig deep. Thanks to her, we delved into a whole new line of family and our history, and I’m grateful to know her.

 

FYI, this takes a lot of time, but it’s kind of fun. I do it on Tuesdays rather than Thursdays. Watch for your name.

~

 

My genealogy goals for this week were:

 

·         Write up the minutes from the genealogy society meeting.

·         Send story about Phoebe McMonagle Holmes and her recipe for Raspberry Dumplings to Jeff. Outline: bread and milk for Christmas; a summer drink for the grandkids; sharing the dumpling recipe.

·         Continue revising the Carrie Holmes line for the Lincoln project.

·         Chronicle several times, and publish on Thursday morning.

·         Add a few more people to the tree so the stats move.

·         Start researching and writing about Jonathan Maltbie for the “Where There’s a Will” article.

·         Write a draft for the “About” section in our group.

·         Continue working on my April presentation for the genealogical society.

·         Advise Jeff that I need a month off for “Where There’s a Will.” This means I’ll need to write one for September, but that is fine. I like writing them, but I’m in the state of writing/compiling overwhelm right now.

·         Revise Richard Holmes for Generations.

Those minutes are going to be the death of me, but they are done.

I completed the William line and started the Carrie line. I am working my way down, and I’m at Fenwick.

As you will see, I chronicled and moved the stats a bit.

I looked at the Maltbie’s and stuck three sticky notes in my 2022 binder of chronicles.

I can’t seem to change the About section, so I need to think about that.

I did a few slides for my April presentation.

I wondered about my sanity. See first chronicle post.

I am deep into the life of Richard Holmes again.

~

There is craziness swirling around in my brain. Is my list of goals too long, maybe? I sent my Readers Digest article off to Jeff the editor. That’s the one I sent you last week, in which Jeannie couldn’t find anything to correct -WOOHOO! He replied.

“Peggy, is this for March? You already sent me one for February.” I had completely forgotten, and was rushing madly to get the William Lotham/Francis Holmes article ready for the February letter.

I made a list of the seven promised articles in a notebook in a place where I can see it. Five are done for the newsletter; two are done for the journal, and the third is coming along nicely.

It helps to be organized, and such a relief not to have to rush, but a bewilderment to me that I forgot about sending him an article in mid-January. I am glad January is over.

~

The New “ABOUT” Section for our Facebook Group: A Draft. I welcome your comments and suggestions. If you think it is too long, it is. Part of the writing process is cutting.

HOWEVER

I cannot for the life of me figure out how to change the ABOUT feature. I can’t get rid of it. I can’t edit it. And that’s with going to Facebook for help. I know it needs to be changed. What I said is not wrong, but we have people from other lines as well and it needs to reflect their presence in our group. But, no more time on this for now. This is my revision.

“I can never recall details and don’t know all of the people, but it’s like a pulse, good to know it’s strong and steady.”

Thanks to Doug Holmes for this simile. It makes me smile.

We are a Holmes family and a few connections. Our immigrant ancestor is Francis Holmes and we descend from his son and daughter-in-law, John and Rachel. Francis’ fourteen generations of descendants are now spread out all over the world.

In this small virtual space, we meet family or reacquaint, learn our history, make plans, and share our news and accomplishments.

In the 1920s, the descendants of Daniel Holmes and Charlotte Hoyt gathered several times in Petitcodiac, New Brunswick; Lincoln, Maine; and China, Maine. They came from as far as California. Five of their twelve living children, their children, and their grandchildren attended some or all of these reunions. At that time, the descendants either knew or knew of each other. Those who attended were instructed to write to those who couldn’t attend, telling them about the gatherings.

In this new millennium, many of their descendants, including me, no longer knew or knew about their kinfolk. We strive to change this. We have some passionate genealogists working on the tree. We gathered in person in 2014 and 2016. We continue on, virtually.

I often hear, “I don’t know the people.” I don’t know you all, either. The ones I know best are either cousins I have met or those who comment and share in this group. Even if you don’t know them, keep in mind that they are fellow descendants or interested connections, and read on.

The pulse got pretty weak, but it has picked up. Small family groups join other groups, and with each joining, the Holmes pulse beats stronger and steadier. You can help by asking your Holmes cousins if they would like to join us in our private group. We want to welcome family members, so it is up to us to advertise. You are also welcome to share your news and photographs here.

The administers ask that you help to keep this site a welcome place for everyone in our family. We are a diverse group of individuals. The place for our personal beliefs and points of view, which sometimes become issues of contention and are unrelated to family history and news, is on our own personal Facebooks. We appreciate your cooperation.

Rough draft: 1 page, 568 words, 10 paragraphs, 38 lines.

First revision: 1 page, 419 words, 9 paragraphs, 28 lines.

Today: 1 page, 400 words, 9 paragraphs and 27 lines.

~

On January 26, I attended a Zoom conference hosted by American Ancestors on the topic of deciphering old handwriting. To my great delight, most of it was based on Secretary Hand, the style of handwriting that I have been using, but I didn’t know its name. I found that what I spent months figuring out, and boring you all with, was basically correct. And there were words to go along with what I learned. This is a recap. Note to self, it’s in the burgundy Mead notebook.

Highlights of what I learned:

Suggestions: Use OCR. What? Optical Character Recognition. It’s not perfect, but it’s not bad. OCR.net. I haven’t tried it yet.

She mentioned Anachronistic terminology.

Anachronistic: belonging or appropriate to an earlier period . . . (Google)

Thorn: in Old English, a letter called ‘thorn’ represented the ‘th’ sound (as in ‘that’) in Modern English. In the Latin alphabet, the ‘Y’ was the symbol that most closely resembled the character that represented ‘thorn.’ So, ‘thorn’ was dropped and ‘Y’ took its place.

https://www.dictionary.com/e/letters-alphabet/#:~:text=What%20is%20the%20letter%20thorn,and%20Y%20took%20its%20place.

Boilerplate: standard languages or phrases that are common to all documents. Especially in genealogy, used in wills, legal documents and church records. So, if you cannot read your document, check others. I called these templates – but from here on in, they are boilerplates.

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/boilerplate.asp#:~:text=The%20term%20boilerplate%20refers%20to,of%20written%20or%20digital%20documents.

Current money – I remember spending much time figuring out what this was. Simply – the currency of the day. Wampum, pounds, dollars, etc.

Recognize a style – they blend into each other.

1.       Court hand 1200 – 1700 – upright and angular, with flourishes

2.       Secretary hand 1400 – 1650 – more print letters and abbreviations

3.       Italic hand 1500 – 1800 – originated in Italy, connected letters, fewer pen strokes per letter

4.       Round hand 1650 – 1900 – used metal nibs, sloping letters, varying thicknesses

(In my day, we learned cursive. Nowadays, they seem to stop after learning to print.)

That’s enough scribbles about that topic. If you want more details, or if you want to transcribe something, ask and I will try to help. The book she recommended was Hilary Marshall’s “Paleography for Family and Local Historians,” 2021 reprint. The document samples she used go up to the 18^th century. It is in the mail, coming to me from England. Should arrive today.

~

I refer to my chronicles quite often. I go to them whilst writing my series on wills. Right now, I have three sticky notes sticking out of my binder as I prepare to write my next “Where There’s A Will” article on the little Maltbie family. You may recall that Abigail Holmes Maltbie was struck by lightning, two years after her husband died during the epidemic of 1645. They left behind a son, Jonathan Maltbie Jr. I try to do a different twist for each will, and in this case, I have a court ordered guardian record for Jonathan after his father died, but before his mother died. I have a bit of research to redo about what happened to orphan Puritan children. Even though I don’t personally consider a child an orphan who still has one parent, it seems like there were guidelines set up for children in this situation.

Jonathan’s grandfather Maltbie became his guardian after his father died. He was also the clerk of the court, and he had to document everything. Thankfully, he did, although some of his writing is a challenge to figure out. I can’t imagine doing that. How he must have suffered. Perhaps some of the blots are teardrops.

~

Paul W Prindle

I am in touch with a lady named Maureen, who descends from Francis Holmes through his son John (as do we) via John’s son Stephen. We descend through John’s son Richard (allegedly – researched by Genealogist Gordon Remington who was hired by cousin Fen Holmes, and evidence is circumstantial) and John’s son Jonathan (paper proven and through a female line of descent).

She owns the Prindle book, “Ancestry of Elizabeth Barrett Gillespie.” I have looked for that for years. I see it is for sale at Abe Books for $200 US (about $270 Canadian). It is very rare, and still under copyright so not on line. Available in American libraries, but I am in Canada. Maureen was kind enough to send me the Holmes chapter. I printed 25 pages this morning. I read the Francis part and skimmed the rest, about the children. I have placed it in a sleeve for now to protect it, but I will keep the emailed pdf. Much of what Prindle used came from Jacobus and some from Huntington. He also used original records, which is what is important. He transcribed most of the will, if not all. I need to compare it.

Do I regret the time I spent transcribing this will? Not one bit. I only hope that Prindle figured out the few words that I couldn’t. That will be an evening task.

~

We lived through the Arctic blast but lost two birds, a dove and a blue jay. The poor jay, his leg was gone. He must have been frozen to a branch and had to leave it behind. He didn’t make it. Simon Says spent about an hour on a two-inch window sill, watching these fluffy goldfinches and chickadees. They fluff their feathers when they are cold. Photo taken through the window and screen.

~

An Opinion of the Appraisers of the Inventory of Sarah Grant Holmes in 1706.

Generally, a will and the probate papers just state dry facts. In this case, and the reason I chose this will for my series, the appraisers, who appear to know the Richard and Sarah Holmes family well, inserted their feelings and opinions. They must have been aware that something was amiss in the execution of these two wills. Here is their collective opinion. From the Probates of Fairfield County, Image 863 at Ancestry.

https://www.ancestry.ca/imageviewer/collections/9049/images/007628167_00863?pId=1252071

These may Further inform the Honnored Court N^ow sitting in Fairfield that this therin one Mehittibell Warner now (    ) who was (    ) nearly ReLatted this sarah holms above named and was her own sisters Child and soon after the death of the Childs mother this Richard Holmes and his then wife Sarah Sarah hoLms the Child owne ant went up to Midilltown and Brought this Child home to her Husband and as we have offin heard them say that thay ded tak itt as there own Child and ever senc to our knowlidg thay have Carfully Cared for her she namely the aforesaid Mehittabell Warner and She hath Caried very Duttifull and Resepectivly towards Her uncell and ant unto ther diying day and as her Honnred uncell hath acknowlided Her also (    ) an Haier to his estate we pray she may nott Be dened her wright to this Her own aunt and adopted mother estate whom she so dearly loved.

John Bouton, Samuell Hayes, and William Haines

I am thinking of paraphrasing it for the introductory quote for my essay.

We further inform the honored Court now sitting in Fairfield that Mehitabel Warner, who is a near relative of Sarah Holmes, was Sarah’s sister’s child. Soon after the death of the child’s mother, Sarah Holmes, the child’s aunt, went up to Middletown and brought the child home to her husband. We have often heard them say that they took her in as their own child, and ever since, to our knowledge, they have carefully cared for her. Mehitabel has cared dutifully and respectfully towards her uncle and aunt until their dying day. As her honored uncle acknowledged her as an heir to his estate, we pray she may not be denied her right to this her own aunt and adopted mother’s estate, whom she so dearly loved.

John Bouton, Samuell Hayes, and William Haines

The will of Richard Holmes was not honored. Mehitabel received an amount equivalent to that of her siblings, who were not even named in the will. Going by the orders for the distribution of the estate, none of the other people mentioned received their portion, either.

~

Wishing you new things to learn this week.

At The Waterside

 

 

 

Uncle Peg’s Chronicles

February 2, 2023

“At The Waterside”

As I mentioned in our Facebook group, there is no chronicle today. At least, not one as we know it. I decided to share with you my Reader’s Digest version of “Where There’s a Will” for my genealogical society newsletter. Later on, I will expand it for our journal, Generations. What I am doing is this: I write the main article first, and then I cut cut cut it for the newsletter. No personal stories, no telling adjectives, just the facts needed to prove my purpose statement.

It is finished. Jeff will edit it for typos. Otherwise, I have no time to make major changes – but if right away you see a big blooper, let me know and I’ll pass it along to the editor of the newsletter. I use Francis Holmes and Frances Homes interchangeably, depending on the context. What is in the will is transcribed exactly, and I cannot change the spellings of 1645.

I thought a few of you might be interested in what I learned about Francis Holmes from this will.

WHERE THERE’S A WILL

 

“Thou goest thine, and I go mine – many ways we wend;

Many days, and many ways, ending in one end.

Many a wrong, and its curing song; many a road, and many an inn;

Room to roam, but only one home, for all the world to win.”^[1]

 

My boat, you need to go to my boat at the Waterside, do not forget. William Wells squeezed his hand and assured him that they would tend to his boat, and William Lotham relaxed. It won’t be long now. I feel it. My boat should take care of my debts and leave an inheritance for John and John.

William Lotham is not my ancestor, and I cannot locate much information about him. As far as I can see, he left no family. He left his inheritance to John Clarke and John Ogden. Why, then, would I select William Lotham as a subject for my series? I believe his probate provides a clue to the whereabouts of my immigrant ancestor, Francis Holmes, prior to 1648. Applying the Fan Club method of genealogical research to William Lotham’s records, I hoped to locate Holmes’ residence in 1645.

The Last Will and Testament of William Lotham:

A document written in third person.

 

“Wheras on the other side herof ther is p^rticulers of the debts & creditts and goods of Williā Lothā, w^ch apeares best vnder ech p^rticuler matter, and therunto as his memory may be [    ] being now visited by the hand of the almighty Jehouah, w^th sicknes, haueing in p^rsence of vs whose names are hereunder subscribed, declared his mynd and will to be, that in case a period be put to his days before alteratiō  hereof, then his just debts being defrayed out of his p^rsonall estate, the remaynder hereof is by him giuen & bequethed to John Clarke and John Ogden, whō he maks joynt executors of this his last will and Testament, equally to be deuided betwixt thē. Witnes my hand the day and yeare w^thin written.

   In the p^rsence of vs,

      Will’ Wells, Ed: More,

      Isacke Nicholls, George Allsoope.

SEPTēBER THE 27^th, 1645.^[1]

 

You can read the entire document at images 489 and 490 of  

https://www.cga.ct.gov/hco/books/The_Public_Records_of_the_Colony_of_Connecticut_1665.pdf

 

Much of what I have found on the internet about Francis Holmes is misinformation. What does appear to be true, until now, is the common statement that there is no mention of my ancestor before 1648. I hope to change that. He did not appear in the original lists of early settlers of the new town of Stamford, Connecticut, between 1641 and 1648.                                                                                                                                               In Lotham’s probate, I found an earlier reference to one Frances Homes. Although it is only three years earlier, it is a step backwards in time. I have not located any other Francis Holmes in New England in this time frame. What is known, from the Stamford Town Records, is that Francis Holmes was in Stamford, Fairfield, Connecticut, in 1648.                                                                                                                                  There are 27 men mentioned in the probate of William Lotham. I hoped to find Holmes’ previous location by doing a search of the men mentioned in the probate. Could I find a common location for them in 1645, thus proving that Holmes also lived in that location?                                                                                 To avoid confusion, I made a list of all the men and their purpose for being there. This proved invaluable in my search. I abbreviated it to the few that I will mention.

• Burchwood, Thomas: appraiser and witness of inventory – AKA Birchwood, etc.
• Clarke, John: executor and heir of Lotham.
• Homes, Frances; in the inventory; owner of iron at the Waterside; AKA Francis Holmes.
• Lotham, William: the decedent.
• Ogden, John: executor and heir of Lotham.
• Poste, Stephen: appraiser and witness of inventory. Aka Post.
• Tappens, Mr.: in the inventory; owner of iron at the Waterside - AKA Tappings, Toppings, etc.
• Wells, William: witness to will of Lotham; viewer of the boat on morning of Lotham’s death.

 

I inserted each name, the date (1645), and the place (Hartford County, Connecticut) in the Ancestry search box. I looked unsuccessfully for Hartford Town Records on line. I referred to websites and history books. When a man was called Mr. or Goodman, I looked for immigrant ancestors. I found one consistent detail: most of them were on the move, and many ways they wended. It seems that most had left or had not yet been to Hartford in 1645.                                                                                                                                              Hartford was situated near the Connecticut River, called the Great River on a map of 1640.^[1] Rivers were a frequent means of travel at the time. Lotham had a boat, equipment, and a skiff. Several men owed Lotham money for various items. Could it be that they did not all live in the same vicinity, as I had assumed? Did Lotham stop in various ports, returning home to moor his boat at the waterside of a Connecticut town? This is the best answer I can come up with.                                                                                                             This record appears in a book of Hartford County probates. The only clue to Lotham’s location is in the inventory: “at the Waterside.” On any map of Connecticut, you will see that “at the waterside” could be many places. Most men were associated with Wethersfield at one time or another. It is only six miles from Hartford. As well as coming from or removing to Wethersfield, some of the men also lived in Farmington, Guilford, Milford, New London, Saybrook, Stamford, and Long Island.                                   Did my ancestor live in Wethersfield?                                                                                                                     Lotham must have been a trader, working with individuals and merchants, and delivering goods with his boat. In his inventory, he was owed money for tobacco, two butts of sack (wooden casks of wine), soap, and iron; also, for delivering a prisoner to an island. He had, as part of his inventory, iron at the residences of Frances Homes and Mr. Tappings.

“A p^rticuler of his goods, as followeth:

Imp^rs: 3500 of Planke, 6000 Trunnels, 500 of iron, part att Frances Homes, part att Mr. Tappings, the rest in a grapnel lying att the Waterside.”

Francis Holmes, a blacksmith, owed Lotham 1£ for 36 pounds of iron. Thomas Tappens had 1£ 9s on his account, about double the amount of that of Holmes. Assuming that Mr. Tappens’ account was for iron, the amount of iron at the residences of Holmes and Tappens was a mere 108 pounds, leaving 392 pounds in the grapnel. Holmes and Tappens may have been acquainted, but were they smithing associates? Although the iron was stored at Mr. Tappen’s property, this was his only reference to iron.           Captain Thomas Tappings, baptized Toppyn in England, lived in Wethersfield, Connecticut, before 1639; moved to Milford, Connecticut, by 1639; and was in Southampton, Long Island, before 1666. Although Tappen’s biography is interesting, his place in 1645 is elusive. His name is on a 1640 map of Wethersfield, but by that time he was helping to settle Milford. He served as a Southampton deputy to the General Court in Hartford between the years 1651 to 1663.^[1] His last move was to Brantford, Connecticut, where he was a magistrate and died in 1687. I see no reference to him being a blacksmith.                          Did my ancestor live in Milford?                                                                                                                                Thomas Burchwood and Stephen Poste appraised and witnessed the inventory of William Lotham. They probably lived in Hartford, so I feel that Lotham likely lived there, too. As appraisers and witnesses of Hartford, it makes sense that they lived in close proximity to the decedent.                                                        Thomas Burchwood, spelled Birchwood on the Founder’s Monument in Hartford, was an original proprietor. He was baptized Bycharde in England. I traced his journey from England to Roxbury, Massachusetts, where he was made freeman in 1637; to Hartford by 1639; to the Saybrook Colony, Connecticut, by 1651, where he served as deputy to the General Court. He still owned land in Hartford. He then appeared in the records of Edgarton and Martha’s Vineyard in Massachusetts; and was in Norwalk, Connecticut by 1682.^[1]                                                                                                                                                           Stephen Poste was baptized in England, and lived in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1634. He was a proprietor of Hartford, where he served as constable in 1642. He removed to the Saybrook Colony by 1649, and was a proprietor of that town. He died there in 1659.^[1]                                                                     Important to William Lotham were John Clarke and John Ogden, for to them he left his estate, to be divided equally.                                                                                                                                                                    John Clarke was baptized in England and arrived in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1632. Clarke’s early residence was Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he became freeman in 1635. He was a landowner in Hartford by 1637, and owned land there in 1640. He removed to the Saybrook Colony by 1647, and from there, served as a deputy to the General Court until 1664. He was admitted to the church in Milford in 1665, and died there in 1674.^[1]                                                                                                                                                 John Ogden first appeared in the records of Stamford, Connecticut, where he remained until he left with a group of Stamford settlers to settle Hempstead, Long Island. Long Island remained part of Connecticut until 1644.^[1] By 1647, he helped to found Southampton, Long Island. He served as a magistrate in Southampton in 1662. He helped in settling Elizabethtown in New Jersey by 1665, and died there in 1682.^[1]                                                                                                                                                                                                      Did my ancestor live in Hartford, as did Burchwood, Poste, and Clarke? Or, did he never live there, like Ogden?

                In the will, inventory, and probate of William Lotham, I stumbled upon a reference to my ancestor, Francis Holmes, and wrote about it in my research journal in April, 2022. I listed all twenty-seven men associated with Lotham, hoping to find a common residence for them in 1645, the year in which Lotham died. Holmes owed money to Lotham; Lotham owed money to Holmes. These details were in his inventory.                                                                                                                                                                                       At this time, I am not satisfied that I have found Francis Holmes’ residence in 1645. I originally thought I would find these men in the town of Hartford. After studying an early map of Wethersfield^[1] and skimming some old books, I thought he may have lived in Wethersfield. I looked at the early settlers of Milford, where some of these men lived. I did not find a consistent location for a majority of the men and nowhere, besides this document, did I find further mention of Francis Holmes. I am satisfied that Stamford in 1648 is no longer the first known reference to Francis Holmes in New England. I believe that he was in Connecticut by 1645, on a property close to a waterside, three years prior to his previously known first residence.

^[1] MacDonald, George. Phantastes. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd. 1962. Originally published 1858. Page 164.

^[1] Trumbull. “The Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut.” Hartford: Brown & Parsons. 1850. Image 490.

https://www.cga.ct.gov/hco/books/The_Public_Records_of_the_Colony_of_Connecticut_1665.pdf

^[1] “Society of the Descendants of the Founders of Hartford.” 1640 Map.  https://www.foundersofhartford.org/1640-hartford-map/

^[1] Wikipedia. Thomas Topping. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Topping

^[1] “Society of the Descendants of the Founders of Hartford: “Thomas Birchard, Hartford Founder. Compiler: Timothy Lester Jacobs. https://www.foundersofhartford.org/the-founders/thomas-birchard/

^[1] “Society of the Descendants of the Founders of Hartford:” Stephen Post, Hartford Founder. Anonymous. https://www.foundersofhartford.org/the-founders/stephen-post/

^[1] “Society of the Descendants of the Founders of Hartford:” John Clarke, Hartford Founder. Compiler, Timothy Lester Jacobs. https://www.foundersofhartford.org/the-founders/john-clarke/

^[1] WikiTree; Profile managers Ellen Smith, John Miller, United States Project WikiTree. John Ogden I (abt. 1609 – bef. 1682).  https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Ogden-588

^[1] Wikipedia: John Ogden (colonist). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ogden_(colonist)

^[1] “Connecticut Historical Society Museum & Library.” 17^th Wethersfield, Connecticut. http://emuseum.chs.org/emuseum/objects/17185/17th-century-wethersfield-connecticut;jsessionid=7307D70C017574BE97A8C1C675458759